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Over half of the workers in food preparation and related occupations are women, most of whom are concentrated in the lowest-paying occupations.  Almost 2 million are mothers, 15 percent of employees in the industry.  More than half, 1.2 million, are single mothers with children in the household.  More than 1 million are single moms with children under age 18.  Mothers pay a gender penalty, as well as a motherhood penalty, earning less than males, fathers, and their childless female counterparts.